Everything about Germania Superior totally explained
Germania Superior ("Upper
Germania"), so called for the reason that it lay upstream of
Germania Inferior, was a
province of the
Roman Empire. It comprised the area of western
Switzerland, the French
Jura and
Alsace regions and south-western
Germany. Important cities were
Besançon (
Besontio),
Strasbourg (
Argentorate),
Wiesbaden (
Aquae Mattiacae) and Germania Superior's capital
Mainz (
Moguntiacum). It comprised the
Middle Rhine, bordering on the
Limes Germanicus, and on the Alpine province of
Raetia to the south-east.
Origin of the province
Initial Roman involvement
The terms "Upper Germania" and "Lower Germania" don't appear in the
Gallic Wars of
Julius Caesar, and yet he describes the people who lived in those regions very well. Lower Germania was occupied by the
Belgae.
Upper Germania was occupied by Gaulish tribes including the
Helvetii,
Sequani,
Leuci and
Treveri, and, on the north bank of the middle Rhine, the remnant of the Germanic troops that had attempted to take
Vesontio under
Ariovistus, but were defeated by Caesar in 58 BC.
The Romans didn't abandon this region at any time after then. During a 5-year period in the initial years of his reign (28-23 BC), as
Dio Cassius tells us (
53.12
),
Octavian Caesar assumed direct governorship of the major senatorial provinces on grounds that they were in danger of insurrection and he alone commanded the troops required to restore security. They were to be restored to the senate in 10 years under proconsuls elected by the senate.
Among these independent provinces were upper Germania. Apparently it had become a province in the last years of the republic.
Tacitus also mentions it as the province of Germania Superior in his
Annales (3.41, 4.73, 13.53). Dio Cassius viewed the Germanic tribes as Celts, an impression given perhaps by Belgica, the name assigned to lower Germania at the time. Dio doesn't mention the border, but he views upper Germany as extending to the source of the Rhine. It isn't clear if he was aware of the Upper Rhine in Switzerland, upstream from Lake Constance. Today we call the section of the Rhine running through upper germania the middle Rhine.
The limit of the empire
Augustus had planned to incorporate all of central Germania in one province,
Germania Magna. This plan was frustrated by the Germanic tribesmen at the
Battle of Teutoburg Forest. Augustus decided to limit the empire at the Rhine-Danube border. Thereafter continual conflict prevailed along it, forcing the Romans to conduct punitive expeditions and fortify Germania Superior.
By 12 BC, major bases existed at Xanten, Vetera and Mainz, from which
Drusus operated. A system of forts gradually developed around these bases. In 69-70, all the Roman fortications along the Rhine and Danube were destroyed by Germanic insurrections and civil war between the legions. At the conclusion of this violent but brief social storm they were rebuilt more extensively than before, with a road connecting Mainz and Augsburg.
Domitian went to war against the
Chatti in 83-85, who were north of Frankfurt (in Hesse named after them). At this time the first limes, or continuous fortified border was constructed. It consisted of a cleared zone of observation, a palisade where practicable, wooden watchtowers and forts at the road crossings. The system reached maximum extent by 90. A Roman road went through the Odenwald and a network of secondary roads connected all the forts and towers.
Defensive strategy
The plan governing the development of the limes was relatively simple. From a strategic point of view, the
Agri Decumates, or region between the Rhine and Danube, offers a bulge in the line between the Celts and the Germanics, which the Germanics had tried to exploit under Ariovistus. The bulge divided the densely populated Celtic settlements along the entire river system in two. Invading forces could move up under cover of the Black Forest. Roman defensive works therefore cut across the base of the bulge, denying the protected corridor and shortening the line.
The key point was the shoulder of the bulge at Moguntiacum (Mainz) where the
masse de manoevre or strategic reserves were located. The forts through the forest were relatively lightly defended and on that account were always being burned by the Alamanni. They gave advance notice, however. On being notified, the legions would strike out in preventative and punitive expeditions from Mainz or Strasburg, or Augsburg on the other side.
The entire system could only succeed if heavy troop concentrations were kept at Mainz. Fixed defenses alone are not much of a defense, in either ancient or modern times. Other forces are required for attack. At best the fixed defenses serve to warn or delay until a counterattack can be launched. For more complete details on the development of the limes, or frontier, see under
Limes Germanicus.
In the subsequent peaceful years, the limes lost its temporary character. Vici, or communities, developed around the forts. By 150, the towers and the bases had been rebuilt in stone. The soldiers now lived in good stone barracks within walls decorated by frescoes. Germanic civilization had changed as well. Where caesar had described burning the wretched brush hovels of the Suebi who had come to fight for Ariovistus, the
Chatti and the
Alamanni now lived in comfortable Romanized villages around the limes.
Germania Superior was reestablished as an
Imperial Roman province in
90, taking large amounts of territory from
Gallia Lugdunensis. One of its first and most famous governors was the future Emperor
Trajan, who ruled the province from
96 until his accession in
98. The
Helvetii settlement area became part of the province of
Germania Superior.
End of the province
Around
300, as Rome was losing control over its southernmost provinces, the southern (Swiss) parts of Germania Superior were incorporated into the
Provincia Maxima Sequanorum before they became part of
Burgundy in the early 5th century.
Civitates
Further Information
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